Prevalence and Pathology of Linguatula serrata Infestation in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey
June 21, 2012 —
admin
Filed under:
| Attachment | Size |
|---|---|
| aydenizoz.pdf | 2.15 MB |
Embedded Scribd iPaper - Requires Javascript and Flash Player
Prevalence and Pathology of Linguatula serrata Infestation in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey
Aydenizoz, M.,1* Oruc, E.2 and Gazyagci, A.N.1
1 2
* Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Meral AYDENIZOZ, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, 71451, Kirikkale, TURKEY. Phone: +90-318-3573301; fax: +90-318-3573304, E-mail address: meralaydenizoz@hotmail.com
Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 71451 Kirikkale, Turkey. Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and pathology of Linguatula serrata infestation in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of sheep slaughtered at the municipal abattoir in Kirikkale (in Central Anatolia, Turkey). For this purpose, 1729 MLNs were collected from 258 sheep (231 females and 27 males). On gross examination 14 sheep (5.4 %) were infested and nymphal stages of L. serrata were detected in 97 of 1729 MLNs (5.2%). In terms of gender, 1.6 % of infested animals were male and 3.9 % were female. Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs, and relative frequency of L. serrata in MLNs in different age groups was not statistically significantly different. In histopathological examinations, parasitic granulomas with necrosis in lymph nodes was the major lesion. One or more nymphal stages of L. serrata were surrounded by infiltration of mononuclear (lymphocyte and histiocyte) and giant cells in some cases with fibrosis. Keywords: Linguatula serrata, mesenteric lymph nodes, pathology, prevalence, sheep.
AB ST RAC T
The adult stages of Linguatula serrata occur in the nasal passages and sinuses of dogs, cats, foxes and rarely in man, horses, goats and sheep. Male parasites are 1.8-2 cm and females are 8-13 cm in length. L. serrata is tongue-shaped, transversely striated, slightly convex on its dorsal surface and flattened ventrally. The eggs are about 90x70 µm. Expelled eggs from the respiratory passages of final host (by coughing or sneezing) are ingested by herbivorous, the intermediate host. The larval stages of the parasite develop in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), liver and lung. Nymphs are 4-6 mm in size. Final host are infested by eating infected organs (1, 2). Humans may be infected by the ingestion of nymphs of L. serrata (nasopharyngeal linguatulosis-Halzoun syndrome) or by the consumption of infective eggs (Visceral linguatulosis). While the visceral form of infection usually remains asymptomatic, pharyngitis and coughing is seen in the nasopharyngeal form (1-4).
INTRODUCTION
Although linguatulosis has no clinical and pathologic importance in domestic animals (16, 21) it is important for public health due to the potential for infecting human (3, 5-7). The present study was undertaken to the determine the prevalence of the nympal stages of L. serrata from the Kirikkale Abattoir and to investigate the lymph node pathology in sheep. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals
Sheep mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were obtained from the Kirikkale Municipality abattoir. Kirikkale is located in Central Anatolia (east of the capital Ankara); the climate is characterized by extremes of hot summers and cold winters with limited rainfall (8). Akkaraman sheep of different ages were examined for the infection for the nymph stage of L. serrata. The animals were classified into 3 different age
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
102
Aydenizoz, M.
Original Articles
Figure 1. Many nymphal stages of L. serrata localised in mesenteric lymph node (arrows) and one of them is necrotic and mineralised and surrounded by fibrous capsulation (M: mineralisation, FC: Fibrous capsulation). Reducing the numbers of lymphoid follicles in cortex. Bar= 1mm, H&E.
Figure 2. An early stage of parasitic lesion surrounded by mixed cellulary infiltraitons and a hyperemic vessel.Bar= 100µ, H&E.
Statistical analyses were carried out using the X2 test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS
Statistical analysis
groups (<2 years, 2-4 years and >4 years of age). A total of 1729 MLNs were randomly obtained. One to 14 MLNs collected from each sheep. All lymph nodes were transferred to the parasitology laboratory in separate polyethylene bags. For gross examination, lymph nodes were longitudinally dissected, placed in the petri dishes and massaged in warm water for 15 minutes. The samples were then examined under the stereomicroscope. The total numbers of nymphs in per lymph nodes were recorded.
Histopathological examination
For histopathological examination, fresh tissue samples from mesenteric lymph nodes were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. After the routine histopathology process tissue samples were embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 µ and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E).
Table 1: The prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs by age and gender. Age (year) <2 2-4 >4 Total P>0.05
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
On gross examination, 14 sheep of 258 (5. 4%) were found to be infested and nymph stages of L. serrata were detected in 97 of 1729 MLNs (5. 6 %). In terms of gender, 1.6 % of infested animals were male and 3.9 % were female. There was no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs between female and male groups (P>0.05) (Table 1). The number of nymphs in each lymph node was between 1 and 69. Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs in the different age groups showed no statistically differences (P>0.05) (Table 2). On histopathological examinations, chronic parasitic granulomas were the major finding in these infected MLNs. One or more nymph stages of L. serrata were found localized in MLNs (Fig. 1) and surrounded by infiltration of monoTable 2: The comparison of mean and median value number of L. serrata nymphs in different age groups. Age (year) <2 2-4 >4 Total P>0.05 Linguatula serrata infestation in sheep Number of infected MLN 29 42 26 97 Mean value 5 3 1,5 3,5 Std error 2,16 2,96 4,43 18,06 Range 4-69 1-19 1-17 1-69 Median value 5,80 8,40 6,50 10,64
The number of infected sheep 5 5 4
The number of The number of infected male (%) infected female (%) 0 (0.0) 5 (100) 3 (60) 1 (25) 2 (40) 3 (75)
14
4 (28.57)
10 (71.42)
103
Original Articles
Figure 3. A late stage of parasitic lesion. Nymphal stages of L. serrata is necrotic and mineralised and surrounded by severe fibrous capsulation. Bar= 500µ, H&E.
Figure 4. Chronic granulomatous lesions against nymphal stages of L. serrata by the infiltraiton of lymphocytes, histiyocytes (black arrow) and giant cell (white arrow). Bar= 50µ, H&E.
nuclear (lymphocytes and histiocytes) and giant cells in some cases with fibrosis (Fig. 2-4). Neutrophils and eosinophils were seen in limited number in the sections. Degenerative and necrotic changes and moderate mineralization were observed in parasitic structures (Fig. 3). Necrotic areas were also observed in lymhoid tissue with reduced cellularity in lymphoid follicles. DISCUSSION
The prevalence of linguatulosis in dogs have been reported in many studies in different location of Turkey by Tinar (9) (8,7 % in Ankara); Dincer (10) (40. 2 % in Elazig); Tasan (11) (53 % in Elazig); Akyol et al. (12) (20 % in Bursa); Aydenizoz and Guclu (13) (10 % in Konya) and Aldemir (14) (8.3% in Erzurum). In fecal examinations for linguatulosis 0. 8 % of dogs in Konya (15) and 11.6% in Elazig has been found (11). In some studies undertaken to investigate the prevalence of the intermediate hosts, the prevalence of L. serrata was found as 44% in cattle (16) and 52. 5% in sheep (17). Larval stages of L. serrata were detected to a lesser extent in the liver. Razavi et al. (18) reported the localization of the nymphal stages of L. serrata as 29.9% in MLNs and 6.4% in the liver of goats. Similarly, Shakerian et al. (19) reported the rate in camels as 21 % in MLNs and 4.5% in the liver. In sheep, in Turkey, the prevalence of the infestation with L. serrata was found to be 48.3% in Elazig (10) and 3% in Konya (13). In the current study, the rate of sheep infected with the nymphal stages of L. serrata was found as 5.4 %. While there
is very little difference between Konya and Kirikkale, this parasitic infestation was more prevalent in Elazig (a city in East Anatolia) than that in Central Anatolian cities (Konya and Kirikkale). Breeding systems (intensive or extensive) or stray dog management may play a role in this regard. Shakerian et al. (19) reported that the infection rate increased with the age of camels and they proposed that the absence of infection in young animals might due to the nature of the food or the frequency of contact with dogs. Razavi et al. (18) found no difference of prevalence between the age groups in goats. In our study, there was no significant difference among age groups as described by Razavi et al. (18). This may be due to the fact that sheep have much less contact with stray dogs than camels. In the present study, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs between female and male groups (P>0.05). Similarly, Shakerian et al. (19) reported no significant difference between the male and female groups in camels. However, Razavi et al. (18) reported a statistical difference between male and female goats. This situation may have arisen due to the fact that sampling was not carried out equally for both sexes. Histopathological findings such as parasitic granuloma formation, degenerative and necrotic changes in both lymphoid tissue and parasitic structure, and cellular infiltration were observed. These histopathological changes were similar to previous reports (20-23). Miclăuş et al. (21) reported acute and chronic lesions with the presence of bacterial colonies
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
104
Aydenizoz, M.
Original Articles
and yeast cells. Acute lesions consisted of traumatic foci, with hemorrhage and/or necrosis and chronic lesions were represented by parasitic granulomas with variable fibrosis. In our study, chronic lesions were more prominent without bacterial colonies and yeast cells. The time lapse after infection may be play a role in defining the characteristics of the histopathologic lesions. Similar to our findings, Gul and Ilhan (22) reported that cystic parasitic granulomas were surrounded by mononuclear cells and fibrous proliferation. In conclusion, linguatulosis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease although it has no clinical or pathological importance for domestic animals. As infected animals do not show any clinical signs and due to the fact that the parasite is not easily noticed during post mortem examination, humans may inadvertently consume these offals. In present study, L. serrata infections in sheep were found to be relatively high in Kirikkale province of Turkey. In order to avoid infestation both humans and animals should be aware not to consume raw or undercooked offals of sheep and goats.
1. Soulsby, E.J.L.: Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals, 7th ed. Bailliére Tindall, London, pp. 497–498, 1982. 2. Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L. and Wall, R.L.: Parasites of dogs and cats. In: Taylor, M.A. Coop, R.L. Wall, R.L. (Eds.): Veterinary Parasitology. Third ed. Blackwell Publishing, U.K., pp. 401-402, 2007. 3. El-Hassan, A.M. Eltoum, I.A. and EL-Asha, B.M.A.; The Marrara syndrome: isolation of Linguatula serrata nymphs from a patient and the viscera of goats. Trans R. Soc. Med. Hyg. 85: 309, 1991. 4. Yagi, H., El-Bahari, S., Mohamed, H.A., Ahmed, E.R.S. Mustafa, B. and Mahmoud Saad, M.B.: The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Acta Trop. 62: 127–134, 1996. 5. Isler, O. and Tinar, R.: Bir insanin koledok kanalinda Linguatula serrata (Frohlich, 1789) nimfi. T. Parazitol. Derg. 53: 108-111, 1993. 6. Lazo, R. F., Hidalgo, E., Lazo, J. E., Bermeo, A., Llaguno, M., Murillo, J. and Teixeira, V.P.A.: Ocular linguatuliasis in Ecuador: case report and morphometric study of the larva of Linguatula serrata. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60: 405–409, 1999. 7. Symmers, W. S.T. C. and Valteris, K.: Two cases of human infestation by larvae of Linguatula serrata. J. Clin. Path. 3: 212-219, 1950.
REFERENCES
8. Sensoy, S., Demircan, M., Ulupinar, Y. and Balta, I.: Climate of Turkey. http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/en-US/climateofturkey.pdf, Access:11.11.2011. 9. Tinar, R.: Ankara kopeklerinde saptadigimiz Heterophyes heteropyes (Siebold, 1852) Stiles et Hassal, 1900 ve Linguatula serrata Froelich, 1789 olaylari. Firat Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 3: 15-18, 1976. 10. Dincer, S.: Elazig mezbahasinda kesilen hayvanlarda ve sokak kopeklerinde Linguatula serrata (Froehlich, 1789)’nin yayilisi ile insan ve hayvan sagligi bakimindan onemi. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 29: 324-330, 1982. 11. Tasan, E.: Distribution of Linguatula serrata (Frohlich, 1789) in dogs from rural districts of Elazig. Doga Vet. Hay. Derg.11: 8689, 1987. 12. Akyol, C.V., Coskun, S.Z., Sonmez, G. and Senlik, B.: Bursa yöresi sokak köpeklerinde Linguatula serrata enfeksiyonu ve halk sagligi acisindan onemi. Turkiye Parazitol. Derg. 19: 267- 271, 1995. 13. Aydenizoz, M. and Guclu, F.: Konya yoresinde Linguatula serrrata (Froehlich, 1789)’nin yayilisi. T. Parazitol. Derg. 21: 75-78, 1997. 14. Aldemir, O. S.: The distribution of Linguatula serrata in stray dogs in the Erzurum Province. Turkiye Parazitol. Derg. 28: 4244, 2004. 15. Guclu, F. and Aydenizoz, M.: Konya'da kopeklerde diski bakilarina gore parazitlerin yayilisi. T. Parazitol. Derg. 19: 550-556, 1995. 16. Tajik, H., Tavassoli, M., Dalirnaghadeh, B. and Danehloipour, M.: Mesenteric lymph nodes infection with Linguatula serrata nymphs in cattle. Iranian J. Vet. Res. 7: 82-85, 2006. 17. Tavassoli, M., Tajic, H., Dalir-Naghadeh, B. and Hariri, F.: Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs and gross changes of infected mesenteric lymph nodes in sheep in Urmia, Iran. Small Rum. Res. 72: 73–76, 2007. 18. Razavi, S.M., Shekarforoush, S.S. and Izadi, M.: Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in goats in Shiraz, Iran. Small Rum. Res. 54: 213–217, 2004. 19. Shakerian, A., Shekarforoush, S.S. and Ghafari Rad, H.: Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Najaf-Abad. Iran. Res. Vet. Sci. 84: 243–245, 2008. 20. Esmaeilzadeh, S., Mohammadian, B., and Rezaei, A.: Linguatula serrata nymph in a cat. Iranian J. Vet. Res. 9: 387-389, 2008. 21. Miclăus, V., Mihalca, A.D., Negrea, O., and Oană, L.: Histological evidence for inoculative action of immature Linguatula serrata in lymph nodes of intermediate host. Parasitol. Res. 102: 13851387, 2008. 22. Gul, A., and Ilhan, F.: Investigation of Linguatula serrata nymphs (Fröhlich, 1789) in hair goats slaughtered in Van meat and fish institution combine. YYU Vet. Fak. Derg., 20: 55-57, 2009. 23. Nourollahi, F.S.R., Kheirandish, R., Norouzi Asl E. and Saeid, F.: The prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in mesenteric lymph nodes in cattle. American J. Animal and Vet. Sci. 5: 155158, 2010.
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
Linguatula serrata infestation in sheep
105
Prevalence and Pathology of Linguatula serrata Infestation in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Sheep in Kirikkale, Turkey
Aydenizoz, M.,1* Oruc, E.2 and Gazyagci, A.N.1
1 2
* Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Meral AYDENIZOZ, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, 71451, Kirikkale, TURKEY. Phone: +90-318-3573301; fax: +90-318-3573304, E-mail address: meralaydenizoz@hotmail.com
Kirikkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 71451 Kirikkale, Turkey. Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and pathology of Linguatula serrata infestation in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) of sheep slaughtered at the municipal abattoir in Kirikkale (in Central Anatolia, Turkey). For this purpose, 1729 MLNs were collected from 258 sheep (231 females and 27 males). On gross examination 14 sheep (5.4 %) were infested and nymphal stages of L. serrata were detected in 97 of 1729 MLNs (5.2%). In terms of gender, 1.6 % of infested animals were male and 3.9 % were female. Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs, and relative frequency of L. serrata in MLNs in different age groups was not statistically significantly different. In histopathological examinations, parasitic granulomas with necrosis in lymph nodes was the major lesion. One or more nymphal stages of L. serrata were surrounded by infiltration of mononuclear (lymphocyte and histiocyte) and giant cells in some cases with fibrosis. Keywords: Linguatula serrata, mesenteric lymph nodes, pathology, prevalence, sheep.
AB ST RAC T
The adult stages of Linguatula serrata occur in the nasal passages and sinuses of dogs, cats, foxes and rarely in man, horses, goats and sheep. Male parasites are 1.8-2 cm and females are 8-13 cm in length. L. serrata is tongue-shaped, transversely striated, slightly convex on its dorsal surface and flattened ventrally. The eggs are about 90x70 µm. Expelled eggs from the respiratory passages of final host (by coughing or sneezing) are ingested by herbivorous, the intermediate host. The larval stages of the parasite develop in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), liver and lung. Nymphs are 4-6 mm in size. Final host are infested by eating infected organs (1, 2). Humans may be infected by the ingestion of nymphs of L. serrata (nasopharyngeal linguatulosis-Halzoun syndrome) or by the consumption of infective eggs (Visceral linguatulosis). While the visceral form of infection usually remains asymptomatic, pharyngitis and coughing is seen in the nasopharyngeal form (1-4).
INTRODUCTION
Although linguatulosis has no clinical and pathologic importance in domestic animals (16, 21) it is important for public health due to the potential for infecting human (3, 5-7). The present study was undertaken to the determine the prevalence of the nympal stages of L. serrata from the Kirikkale Abattoir and to investigate the lymph node pathology in sheep. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals
Sheep mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were obtained from the Kirikkale Municipality abattoir. Kirikkale is located in Central Anatolia (east of the capital Ankara); the climate is characterized by extremes of hot summers and cold winters with limited rainfall (8). Akkaraman sheep of different ages were examined for the infection for the nymph stage of L. serrata. The animals were classified into 3 different age
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
102
Aydenizoz, M.
Original Articles
Figure 1. Many nymphal stages of L. serrata localised in mesenteric lymph node (arrows) and one of them is necrotic and mineralised and surrounded by fibrous capsulation (M: mineralisation, FC: Fibrous capsulation). Reducing the numbers of lymphoid follicles in cortex. Bar= 1mm, H&E.
Figure 2. An early stage of parasitic lesion surrounded by mixed cellulary infiltraitons and a hyperemic vessel.Bar= 100µ, H&E.
Statistical analyses were carried out using the X2 test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS
Statistical analysis
groups (<2 years, 2-4 years and >4 years of age). A total of 1729 MLNs were randomly obtained. One to 14 MLNs collected from each sheep. All lymph nodes were transferred to the parasitology laboratory in separate polyethylene bags. For gross examination, lymph nodes were longitudinally dissected, placed in the petri dishes and massaged in warm water for 15 minutes. The samples were then examined under the stereomicroscope. The total numbers of nymphs in per lymph nodes were recorded.
Histopathological examination
For histopathological examination, fresh tissue samples from mesenteric lymph nodes were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. After the routine histopathology process tissue samples were embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 µ and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E).
Table 1: The prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs by age and gender. Age (year) <2 2-4 >4 Total P>0.05
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
On gross examination, 14 sheep of 258 (5. 4%) were found to be infested and nymph stages of L. serrata were detected in 97 of 1729 MLNs (5. 6 %). In terms of gender, 1.6 % of infested animals were male and 3.9 % were female. There was no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs between female and male groups (P>0.05) (Table 1). The number of nymphs in each lymph node was between 1 and 69. Prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs in the different age groups showed no statistically differences (P>0.05) (Table 2). On histopathological examinations, chronic parasitic granulomas were the major finding in these infected MLNs. One or more nymph stages of L. serrata were found localized in MLNs (Fig. 1) and surrounded by infiltration of monoTable 2: The comparison of mean and median value number of L. serrata nymphs in different age groups. Age (year) <2 2-4 >4 Total P>0.05 Linguatula serrata infestation in sheep Number of infected MLN 29 42 26 97 Mean value 5 3 1,5 3,5 Std error 2,16 2,96 4,43 18,06 Range 4-69 1-19 1-17 1-69 Median value 5,80 8,40 6,50 10,64
The number of infected sheep 5 5 4
The number of The number of infected male (%) infected female (%) 0 (0.0) 5 (100) 3 (60) 1 (25) 2 (40) 3 (75)
14
4 (28.57)
10 (71.42)
103
Original Articles
Figure 3. A late stage of parasitic lesion. Nymphal stages of L. serrata is necrotic and mineralised and surrounded by severe fibrous capsulation. Bar= 500µ, H&E.
Figure 4. Chronic granulomatous lesions against nymphal stages of L. serrata by the infiltraiton of lymphocytes, histiyocytes (black arrow) and giant cell (white arrow). Bar= 50µ, H&E.
nuclear (lymphocytes and histiocytes) and giant cells in some cases with fibrosis (Fig. 2-4). Neutrophils and eosinophils were seen in limited number in the sections. Degenerative and necrotic changes and moderate mineralization were observed in parasitic structures (Fig. 3). Necrotic areas were also observed in lymhoid tissue with reduced cellularity in lymphoid follicles. DISCUSSION
The prevalence of linguatulosis in dogs have been reported in many studies in different location of Turkey by Tinar (9) (8,7 % in Ankara); Dincer (10) (40. 2 % in Elazig); Tasan (11) (53 % in Elazig); Akyol et al. (12) (20 % in Bursa); Aydenizoz and Guclu (13) (10 % in Konya) and Aldemir (14) (8.3% in Erzurum). In fecal examinations for linguatulosis 0. 8 % of dogs in Konya (15) and 11.6% in Elazig has been found (11). In some studies undertaken to investigate the prevalence of the intermediate hosts, the prevalence of L. serrata was found as 44% in cattle (16) and 52. 5% in sheep (17). Larval stages of L. serrata were detected to a lesser extent in the liver. Razavi et al. (18) reported the localization of the nymphal stages of L. serrata as 29.9% in MLNs and 6.4% in the liver of goats. Similarly, Shakerian et al. (19) reported the rate in camels as 21 % in MLNs and 4.5% in the liver. In sheep, in Turkey, the prevalence of the infestation with L. serrata was found to be 48.3% in Elazig (10) and 3% in Konya (13). In the current study, the rate of sheep infected with the nymphal stages of L. serrata was found as 5.4 %. While there
is very little difference between Konya and Kirikkale, this parasitic infestation was more prevalent in Elazig (a city in East Anatolia) than that in Central Anatolian cities (Konya and Kirikkale). Breeding systems (intensive or extensive) or stray dog management may play a role in this regard. Shakerian et al. (19) reported that the infection rate increased with the age of camels and they proposed that the absence of infection in young animals might due to the nature of the food or the frequency of contact with dogs. Razavi et al. (18) found no difference of prevalence between the age groups in goats. In our study, there was no significant difference among age groups as described by Razavi et al. (18). This may be due to the fact that sheep have much less contact with stray dogs than camels. In the present study, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs between female and male groups (P>0.05). Similarly, Shakerian et al. (19) reported no significant difference between the male and female groups in camels. However, Razavi et al. (18) reported a statistical difference between male and female goats. This situation may have arisen due to the fact that sampling was not carried out equally for both sexes. Histopathological findings such as parasitic granuloma formation, degenerative and necrotic changes in both lymphoid tissue and parasitic structure, and cellular infiltration were observed. These histopathological changes were similar to previous reports (20-23). Miclăuş et al. (21) reported acute and chronic lesions with the presence of bacterial colonies
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
104
Aydenizoz, M.
Original Articles
and yeast cells. Acute lesions consisted of traumatic foci, with hemorrhage and/or necrosis and chronic lesions were represented by parasitic granulomas with variable fibrosis. In our study, chronic lesions were more prominent without bacterial colonies and yeast cells. The time lapse after infection may be play a role in defining the characteristics of the histopathologic lesions. Similar to our findings, Gul and Ilhan (22) reported that cystic parasitic granulomas were surrounded by mononuclear cells and fibrous proliferation. In conclusion, linguatulosis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease although it has no clinical or pathological importance for domestic animals. As infected animals do not show any clinical signs and due to the fact that the parasite is not easily noticed during post mortem examination, humans may inadvertently consume these offals. In present study, L. serrata infections in sheep were found to be relatively high in Kirikkale province of Turkey. In order to avoid infestation both humans and animals should be aware not to consume raw or undercooked offals of sheep and goats.
1. Soulsby, E.J.L.: Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals, 7th ed. Bailliére Tindall, London, pp. 497–498, 1982. 2. Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L. and Wall, R.L.: Parasites of dogs and cats. In: Taylor, M.A. Coop, R.L. Wall, R.L. (Eds.): Veterinary Parasitology. Third ed. Blackwell Publishing, U.K., pp. 401-402, 2007. 3. El-Hassan, A.M. Eltoum, I.A. and EL-Asha, B.M.A.; The Marrara syndrome: isolation of Linguatula serrata nymphs from a patient and the viscera of goats. Trans R. Soc. Med. Hyg. 85: 309, 1991. 4. Yagi, H., El-Bahari, S., Mohamed, H.A., Ahmed, E.R.S. Mustafa, B. and Mahmoud Saad, M.B.: The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Acta Trop. 62: 127–134, 1996. 5. Isler, O. and Tinar, R.: Bir insanin koledok kanalinda Linguatula serrata (Frohlich, 1789) nimfi. T. Parazitol. Derg. 53: 108-111, 1993. 6. Lazo, R. F., Hidalgo, E., Lazo, J. E., Bermeo, A., Llaguno, M., Murillo, J. and Teixeira, V.P.A.: Ocular linguatuliasis in Ecuador: case report and morphometric study of the larva of Linguatula serrata. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60: 405–409, 1999. 7. Symmers, W. S.T. C. and Valteris, K.: Two cases of human infestation by larvae of Linguatula serrata. J. Clin. Path. 3: 212-219, 1950.
REFERENCES
8. Sensoy, S., Demircan, M., Ulupinar, Y. and Balta, I.: Climate of Turkey. http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/en-US/climateofturkey.pdf, Access:11.11.2011. 9. Tinar, R.: Ankara kopeklerinde saptadigimiz Heterophyes heteropyes (Siebold, 1852) Stiles et Hassal, 1900 ve Linguatula serrata Froelich, 1789 olaylari. Firat Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 3: 15-18, 1976. 10. Dincer, S.: Elazig mezbahasinda kesilen hayvanlarda ve sokak kopeklerinde Linguatula serrata (Froehlich, 1789)’nin yayilisi ile insan ve hayvan sagligi bakimindan onemi. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 29: 324-330, 1982. 11. Tasan, E.: Distribution of Linguatula serrata (Frohlich, 1789) in dogs from rural districts of Elazig. Doga Vet. Hay. Derg.11: 8689, 1987. 12. Akyol, C.V., Coskun, S.Z., Sonmez, G. and Senlik, B.: Bursa yöresi sokak köpeklerinde Linguatula serrata enfeksiyonu ve halk sagligi acisindan onemi. Turkiye Parazitol. Derg. 19: 267- 271, 1995. 13. Aydenizoz, M. and Guclu, F.: Konya yoresinde Linguatula serrrata (Froehlich, 1789)’nin yayilisi. T. Parazitol. Derg. 21: 75-78, 1997. 14. Aldemir, O. S.: The distribution of Linguatula serrata in stray dogs in the Erzurum Province. Turkiye Parazitol. Derg. 28: 4244, 2004. 15. Guclu, F. and Aydenizoz, M.: Konya'da kopeklerde diski bakilarina gore parazitlerin yayilisi. T. Parazitol. Derg. 19: 550-556, 1995. 16. Tajik, H., Tavassoli, M., Dalirnaghadeh, B. and Danehloipour, M.: Mesenteric lymph nodes infection with Linguatula serrata nymphs in cattle. Iranian J. Vet. Res. 7: 82-85, 2006. 17. Tavassoli, M., Tajic, H., Dalir-Naghadeh, B. and Hariri, F.: Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs and gross changes of infected mesenteric lymph nodes in sheep in Urmia, Iran. Small Rum. Res. 72: 73–76, 2007. 18. Razavi, S.M., Shekarforoush, S.S. and Izadi, M.: Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in goats in Shiraz, Iran. Small Rum. Res. 54: 213–217, 2004. 19. Shakerian, A., Shekarforoush, S.S. and Ghafari Rad, H.: Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Najaf-Abad. Iran. Res. Vet. Sci. 84: 243–245, 2008. 20. Esmaeilzadeh, S., Mohammadian, B., and Rezaei, A.: Linguatula serrata nymph in a cat. Iranian J. Vet. Res. 9: 387-389, 2008. 21. Miclăus, V., Mihalca, A.D., Negrea, O., and Oană, L.: Histological evidence for inoculative action of immature Linguatula serrata in lymph nodes of intermediate host. Parasitol. Res. 102: 13851387, 2008. 22. Gul, A., and Ilhan, F.: Investigation of Linguatula serrata nymphs (Fröhlich, 1789) in hair goats slaughtered in Van meat and fish institution combine. YYU Vet. Fak. Derg., 20: 55-57, 2009. 23. Nourollahi, F.S.R., Kheirandish, R., Norouzi Asl E. and Saeid, F.: The prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs in mesenteric lymph nodes in cattle. American J. Animal and Vet. Sci. 5: 155158, 2010.
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine Vol. 67 (2) June 2012
Linguatula serrata infestation in sheep
105
Journal:
