AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE ON THE MILK FLUORIDE LEVELS IN GOATS
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ARTICLES
AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE ON THE MILK FLUORIDE LEVELS IN GOATS*
Kant, V ., Srivastava, A.K ., Verma, P.K ., Uppal, S.K . and Rajinder, R .
* 1 2 3 4 3
Part of M.V.Sc. research conducted in Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, F.V.Sc. & A.H., SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura, Jammu – 181102, J&K, INDIA. Corresponding author: M.V.Sc. Scholar Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura, Jammu – 181102, J&K, INDIA. E-mail: drvinaykant2001@yahoo.co.in Phone No.: +91-9419845771 and +91-9817835488 Fax No. +91-1923-250639 . 2 Director, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India. 3 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura, Jammu. 4 Associate Professor, Deptt. of Clinics and Veterinary Services, GADVASU, Ludhiana. ABSTRACT Sodium fluoride (NaF) alone or together with aluminium sulphate was administered to goats to determine the fluoride levels of milk and the effect of aluminium sulphate on the excretion of fluoride in goat milk. The increase in milk fluoride levels at various time intervals was reduced when aluminium sulphate was administered. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that aluminium sulphate can be used to decrease the excretion of fluoride via milk in endemic areas of fluoride toxicity
1
Keywords: Sodium fluoride, Aluminium sulphate, Milk, Ameliorative agent. INTRODUCTION Fluoride toxicity is one of the emerging environmental challenges in animal and man. It is also one of the major public health problems in some parts of the globe. Man and animals are exposed to fluoride in a number of ways mainly by ingesting fluoride in various foods, drinking water and fluoride-containing products comprising dentifrices, mouth rinses, tablets, drops, (1-3) Orally ingested fluorides are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by a process of simple diffusion (4), and the absorbed fluoride is rapidly distributed throughout body. Urine and faeces are the primary routes of fluoride excretion. Other routes of fluoride excretion are sweat, saliva and milk of lactating mothers or animals (2,3,5). Milk is a main constituent of the diet of humans and animals in the early stages of life.. Milk fluoride is a vital supplement in humans and animals. Some boron, calcium, and aluminium. salts have an ameliorative action on the plasma fluoride levels by decreasing their gastrointestinal absorption in different species. The present study was aimed to determine the fluoride levels of milk and effect of aluminium sulphate on the excretion of fluoride in goat milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy cross=bred lactating goats aged 1.5-2 years and 25-30 kg body weight were acclimatized for two weeks before the commencing the experiment. The animals were maintained on feed and water. The experimental protocol was approved by institutional ethics committee. The animals were divided into two groups of 4. In group 1, sodium fluoride (NaF) alone was administered orally at the dose rate of 20 mg/kbw. (providing 9 mg/kbw), and in group 2, the same dose of sodium fluoride along with aluminium sulphate at a dose rate of 150 mg/kbw was administered orally after dissolving separately in 100 ml distilled water. Aluminium sulphate was administered 30 minutes prior to the sodium fluoride. The milk samples were collected manually prior to dosing and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 12 and 24 hours post dose in polyethylene plastic vials and stored at - 20oC until analysis. The milk fluoride estimation was carried out according to Sener et al. (6). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The milk levels of fluoride at different time interval in goats of groups 1 and 2 are given in Table 1 and the graphical presentation of milk levels against time is shown in Figure 1. The milk fluoride levels increased at various time intervals in both groups after administration
Volume 64 (2) 2009
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website: www.isrvma.org
ISRAEL JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
of sodium fluoride.The increase of fluoride levels in milk demonstrated that it is one of the routes of excretion. On comparing the milk fluoride levels of the two , it was observed that fluoride concentrations were lower in milk of group 2. This indicated that aluminium decreased the absorption of fluoride from the gastrointestinal tract by forming the insoluble complexes and increased the excretion of fluoride in the faeces. This decreased absorption of fluoride from the gastrointestinal tract may lead to decreased plasma fluoride levels and this further leads to the decreased excretion of fluoride in milk. Allcroft et al. (7) reported that efficacy of aluminium sulphate, calcium carbonate and sodium acid phosphate for alleviation of fluorosis in cows was due to reduced absorption of fluorine from the intestinal tract. Also, the prophylactic activity of aluminium and calcium salts was studied by Flatla (8) who reported that these salts prevented chronic fluorosis by binding fluorine in the intestinal tract to make it less absorbable. Said et al. (9) reported higher fluoride excretion in the faeces of sheep when aluminium chloride was added to the diet but no alleviation of the symptoms was noted. Kessabi et al. (10) reported that aluminium sulfate decreased the digestive absorption by about 33 - 45 % for fluoride and reduced the level of fluoride in serum, urine, bones and teeth. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fluoride levels in milk samples.. However, reports on increased milk fluoride levels in lactating animals of different species suffering from fluoride toxicity have been published. Samal and Naik (11) reported that fluoride levels in milk of cattle consuming fluoride-contaminated forage around an aluminium factory were enhanced and ranged from 0.19 to 1.15 ppm in cows and 0.31 to 1.21 ppm in buffaloes. Also, Murray (12), Jones (13) and Sobocinski et al. (14) reported that fluoride decreased the milk yield of the affected animals. It is concluded that aluminium sulphate can be used to decrease the excretion of fluoride via milk in endemic areas of fluoride toxicity.
Table1: -1 Milk fluoride levels (mg.L ) at different time intervals after oral administration of sodium fluoride alone (group 1) and with aluminium sulphate (group 2).
Time (hours) 0 0.5 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 24 Milk fluoride levels (mean ± SE) Group-1 0.040±0.01 0.069±0.02 0.146±0.05 0.171±0.05 0.216±0.06 0.289±0.05 0.327±0.04 0.356±0.05 0.396±0.05 0.447±0.07 Group-2 0.034±0.01 0.051±0.01 0.067±0.03 0.076±0.05 0.089±0.03 0.093±0.04 0.097±0.03 0.117±0.06 0.142±0.06 0.207±0.08
Fig. 1. -1 Graphical presentation of milk fluoride levels (mg.L ) at different time intervals in groups 1 and 2.
Volume 64 (2) 2009
REFERENCES 1.Fejerskov, O., Ekstrand, J. and Burt, B.A.: Fluoride in Dentistry, Copenhagen, Munsksgaard, 1996. 2.Mellberg, J.R., Ripa, L.W., and Leske, G.S.: Fluoride in Preventive Dentistry, Chicago, Quintessence Publishing, 1983. 3.Whitford, G.: The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride, Switzerland, Karger, 1996. 4.Carlson, C.H., Armstrong, W.D. and Singer, L.: Distribution and excretion of radiofluoride in the human. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104: 235-239, 1960. 5.W.H.O.: Fluorides and oral health: Technical Report Series, Switzerland, p. 846, 1994. 6.Sener, Y., Tosun, G., Kahvecioglu, F., Gokalp, A. and Koc, H.: Fluoride levels of human plasma and breast milk. European Journal of Dentistry. 1: 21-24, 2007. 7.Allcroft, R., Burns, K.N. and Hebert, C.N.: Fluorosis in cattle. Development and alleviation: Experimental studies – M.A.F.F., Animal Disease surveys Report No. 2, Part II, pp. 58, 1965. 8.Flata, J.L.: Industrial fluorosis in Norway. Medlemsbl. Sverig. Vet. Forb. 14: 653-656 and 661-665, 1962. 9.Said, A.N., Slagsvold, P. Bergh, H. and Laksesvela, B.: High fluorine water to wetter sheep maintained in pens. Aluminium chloride as a possible alleviator of fluorosis. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin. 29: 172-180, 1977. 10.Kessabi, M., Hamllri, A. and Braun, J.P.: Experimental fluorosis in sheep: Fluoride kinetics and alleviating effects of aluminium sulphate. Fluoride. 21: 193-200, 1988. 11.Samal, U.N. and Naik, B.N.: Fluoride levels in milk and blood serum of cattle. Environ. Ecol. 13: 415-417, 1995. 12.Murray, M.: Fluorosis in a herd of cattle in Kenya. Bull. Epizoot. Dis. Afr. 15: 259-262, 1967.
13.Jones, W.G.: Fluorosis in dairy herd. Vet. Rec. 90: 503-507, 1972. 14.Sobocinski, R., Ewy, R. and Ewy, Z.: Ten years study of fluorosis in cattle. Medyeyna Veterynaria. 40: 67-71, 1984.
website: www.isrvma.org
46
ARTICLES
AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE ON THE MILK FLUORIDE LEVELS IN GOATS*
Kant, V ., Srivastava, A.K ., Verma, P.K ., Uppal, S.K . and Rajinder, R .
* 1 2 3 4 3
Part of M.V.Sc. research conducted in Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, F.V.Sc. & A.H., SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura, Jammu – 181102, J&K, INDIA. Corresponding author: M.V.Sc. Scholar Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura, Jammu – 181102, J&K, INDIA. E-mail: drvinaykant2001@yahoo.co.in Phone No.: +91-9419845771 and +91-9817835488 Fax No. +91-1923-250639 . 2 Director, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India. 3 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura, Jammu. 4 Associate Professor, Deptt. of Clinics and Veterinary Services, GADVASU, Ludhiana. ABSTRACT Sodium fluoride (NaF) alone or together with aluminium sulphate was administered to goats to determine the fluoride levels of milk and the effect of aluminium sulphate on the excretion of fluoride in goat milk. The increase in milk fluoride levels at various time intervals was reduced when aluminium sulphate was administered. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that aluminium sulphate can be used to decrease the excretion of fluoride via milk in endemic areas of fluoride toxicity
1
Keywords: Sodium fluoride, Aluminium sulphate, Milk, Ameliorative agent. INTRODUCTION Fluoride toxicity is one of the emerging environmental challenges in animal and man. It is also one of the major public health problems in some parts of the globe. Man and animals are exposed to fluoride in a number of ways mainly by ingesting fluoride in various foods, drinking water and fluoride-containing products comprising dentifrices, mouth rinses, tablets, drops, (1-3) Orally ingested fluorides are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract by a process of simple diffusion (4), and the absorbed fluoride is rapidly distributed throughout body. Urine and faeces are the primary routes of fluoride excretion. Other routes of fluoride excretion are sweat, saliva and milk of lactating mothers or animals (2,3,5). Milk is a main constituent of the diet of humans and animals in the early stages of life.. Milk fluoride is a vital supplement in humans and animals. Some boron, calcium, and aluminium. salts have an ameliorative action on the plasma fluoride levels by decreasing their gastrointestinal absorption in different species. The present study was aimed to determine the fluoride levels of milk and effect of aluminium sulphate on the excretion of fluoride in goat milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy cross=bred lactating goats aged 1.5-2 years and 25-30 kg body weight were acclimatized for two weeks before the commencing the experiment. The animals were maintained on feed and water. The experimental protocol was approved by institutional ethics committee. The animals were divided into two groups of 4. In group 1, sodium fluoride (NaF) alone was administered orally at the dose rate of 20 mg/kbw. (providing 9 mg/kbw), and in group 2, the same dose of sodium fluoride along with aluminium sulphate at a dose rate of 150 mg/kbw was administered orally after dissolving separately in 100 ml distilled water. Aluminium sulphate was administered 30 minutes prior to the sodium fluoride. The milk samples were collected manually prior to dosing and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 12 and 24 hours post dose in polyethylene plastic vials and stored at - 20oC until analysis. The milk fluoride estimation was carried out according to Sener et al. (6). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The milk levels of fluoride at different time interval in goats of groups 1 and 2 are given in Table 1 and the graphical presentation of milk levels against time is shown in Figure 1. The milk fluoride levels increased at various time intervals in both groups after administration
Volume 64 (2) 2009
45
website: www.isrvma.org
ISRAEL JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
of sodium fluoride.The increase of fluoride levels in milk demonstrated that it is one of the routes of excretion. On comparing the milk fluoride levels of the two , it was observed that fluoride concentrations were lower in milk of group 2. This indicated that aluminium decreased the absorption of fluoride from the gastrointestinal tract by forming the insoluble complexes and increased the excretion of fluoride in the faeces. This decreased absorption of fluoride from the gastrointestinal tract may lead to decreased plasma fluoride levels and this further leads to the decreased excretion of fluoride in milk. Allcroft et al. (7) reported that efficacy of aluminium sulphate, calcium carbonate and sodium acid phosphate for alleviation of fluorosis in cows was due to reduced absorption of fluorine from the intestinal tract. Also, the prophylactic activity of aluminium and calcium salts was studied by Flatla (8) who reported that these salts prevented chronic fluorosis by binding fluorine in the intestinal tract to make it less absorbable. Said et al. (9) reported higher fluoride excretion in the faeces of sheep when aluminium chloride was added to the diet but no alleviation of the symptoms was noted. Kessabi et al. (10) reported that aluminium sulfate decreased the digestive absorption by about 33 - 45 % for fluoride and reduced the level of fluoride in serum, urine, bones and teeth. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fluoride levels in milk samples.. However, reports on increased milk fluoride levels in lactating animals of different species suffering from fluoride toxicity have been published. Samal and Naik (11) reported that fluoride levels in milk of cattle consuming fluoride-contaminated forage around an aluminium factory were enhanced and ranged from 0.19 to 1.15 ppm in cows and 0.31 to 1.21 ppm in buffaloes. Also, Murray (12), Jones (13) and Sobocinski et al. (14) reported that fluoride decreased the milk yield of the affected animals. It is concluded that aluminium sulphate can be used to decrease the excretion of fluoride via milk in endemic areas of fluoride toxicity.
Table1: -1 Milk fluoride levels (mg.L ) at different time intervals after oral administration of sodium fluoride alone (group 1) and with aluminium sulphate (group 2).
Time (hours) 0 0.5 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 24 Milk fluoride levels (mean ± SE) Group-1 0.040±0.01 0.069±0.02 0.146±0.05 0.171±0.05 0.216±0.06 0.289±0.05 0.327±0.04 0.356±0.05 0.396±0.05 0.447±0.07 Group-2 0.034±0.01 0.051±0.01 0.067±0.03 0.076±0.05 0.089±0.03 0.093±0.04 0.097±0.03 0.117±0.06 0.142±0.06 0.207±0.08
Fig. 1. -1 Graphical presentation of milk fluoride levels (mg.L ) at different time intervals in groups 1 and 2.
Volume 64 (2) 2009
REFERENCES 1.Fejerskov, O., Ekstrand, J. and Burt, B.A.: Fluoride in Dentistry, Copenhagen, Munsksgaard, 1996. 2.Mellberg, J.R., Ripa, L.W., and Leske, G.S.: Fluoride in Preventive Dentistry, Chicago, Quintessence Publishing, 1983. 3.Whitford, G.: The Metabolism and Toxicity of Fluoride, Switzerland, Karger, 1996. 4.Carlson, C.H., Armstrong, W.D. and Singer, L.: Distribution and excretion of radiofluoride in the human. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104: 235-239, 1960. 5.W.H.O.: Fluorides and oral health: Technical Report Series, Switzerland, p. 846, 1994. 6.Sener, Y., Tosun, G., Kahvecioglu, F., Gokalp, A. and Koc, H.: Fluoride levels of human plasma and breast milk. European Journal of Dentistry. 1: 21-24, 2007. 7.Allcroft, R., Burns, K.N. and Hebert, C.N.: Fluorosis in cattle. Development and alleviation: Experimental studies – M.A.F.F., Animal Disease surveys Report No. 2, Part II, pp. 58, 1965. 8.Flata, J.L.: Industrial fluorosis in Norway. Medlemsbl. Sverig. Vet. Forb. 14: 653-656 and 661-665, 1962. 9.Said, A.N., Slagsvold, P. Bergh, H. and Laksesvela, B.: High fluorine water to wetter sheep maintained in pens. Aluminium chloride as a possible alleviator of fluorosis. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin. 29: 172-180, 1977. 10.Kessabi, M., Hamllri, A. and Braun, J.P.: Experimental fluorosis in sheep: Fluoride kinetics and alleviating effects of aluminium sulphate. Fluoride. 21: 193-200, 1988. 11.Samal, U.N. and Naik, B.N.: Fluoride levels in milk and blood serum of cattle. Environ. Ecol. 13: 415-417, 1995. 12.Murray, M.: Fluorosis in a herd of cattle in Kenya. Bull. Epizoot. Dis. Afr. 15: 259-262, 1967.
13.Jones, W.G.: Fluorosis in dairy herd. Vet. Rec. 90: 503-507, 1972. 14.Sobocinski, R., Ewy, R. and Ewy, Z.: Ten years study of fluorosis in cattle. Medyeyna Veterynaria. 40: 67-71, 1984.
website: www.isrvma.org
46
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